zhang zongchang russian

The Soviet government significantly strengthened the protection of state borders with China and clamped down on criminal activity in Primorye.

From their bases on Chinese territory, the Honghuzi easily penetrated into Russian Primorye and just as easily went back home.Moreover, sometimes the bandits did not even have to go back to China.

The word Honghuzi gangs drafted members from among seekers of easy money, deserters from the Qing army, as well as those Chinese immigrants to Manchuria who preferred robbery to hard work in a mine. He recruited up to 4,600 White Russian refugees from the Russian civil war, from which he formed a cavalry regiment, complete with pseudo-Tsarist uniforms and regalia. He is known for his arbitrary, ruthless& excessive lifestyle and ruling style, gaining him the nickname "Dogmeat General". Commissioned by the Chinese government and built by Russia, the railway was the main source of supply for Russian troops in the Far East. Often, local governors themselves asked the Russians to continue pursuing the bandits in their provinces.In the early 20th century, the Russian Far East and China became the scene of important historical events, which the 'Red Beards' could not ignore. [Zhang] was known everywhere as the "Three Don't Knows" (Zhang Zongchang was also known for writing poetry, though his works (such as the "Poem about bastards", the "Though not very pious, Zhang was reportedly superstitious.

In addition to engaging in typical criminal activity, members of the gang took part in crucial political processes in the Far East. Zhang Zhongchang is a Chinese warlord, Governor of Shandong and former associate of Zhang Zuolin until 1928, when he pledged his loyalty to the Qing Empire. The 'brothers' went to the cities, where they spent their time in taverns with women, alcohol and opium. In 1926, the Kuomintang's Northern Expedition, had been defeated, but the manner in which it happened disappointed Zhang Zuolin. Following the conflict, he returned to crime and ro… By the early 1940s, the 'brothers' no longer played any significant part in the life of the Far East.

He eventually became a bandit in the countryside, though served as auxiliary for the Imperial Russian Army during the Russo-Japanese Warin 1904–1905. One Honghuzi ringleader even performed in a theater during winter breaks.Manchuria was an ideal place for roaming criminal gangs. Sometimes those raids did not go unnoticed. He also appointed another 'brother', Zhang Zongchang, who with his bandit detachment served Russia during the Russo-Japanese war, as the governor of Shandong province.In the 1930s, the era of the Honghuzi began to decline. In the spring and summer of 1868, the Manzi and the Honghuzi attacked military posts, plundered and burned several villages and massacred the peasant families living there. In the end, three sailors were killed in an armed clash.

They were usually well-dressed and well-armed. During the Yihetuan (Boxer) Uprising of 1899-1901, which fought against domination by Western powers, the Honghuzi often joined forces with the remnants of the defeated Qing detachments and fought against Russian troops. By mid-July, the gangs were either liquidated or driven back to Manchuria.The fact that the Honghuzi, having done their robbing and plundering on Russian territory, returned to China was a source of great annoyance for the Russian authorities. He also appointed another 'brother', Zhang Zongchang, who with his bandit detachment served Russia during the Russo-Japanese war… Hundreds of Manzi went there to try their luck together with the Honghuzi.Several times, the crew of the Russian steam schooner Aleut scattered the illegal gold miners, but they returned again. For example, a certain Yang Yulin was called the Fourteenth Lord of Hell.Usually, the Honghuzi engaged in their criminal activity in spring and summer, when it was easy to hide in the forests. Once an Ussuri Cossack squadron in pursuit of the 'Red Beards' covered a distance of several hundred kilometers across Manchuria.In 1879, Russian troops deliberately entered Chinese territory and burned down a well-fortified Honghuzi fortress near Lake Khanka. Nearby lay Russia's vast Ussuri Krai, a poorly colonized region that experienced the same problems as Manchuria.In those circumstances, there could be no talk of any effective protection of the borders between the Russian and the Qing empires. Sometimes it was difficult to distinguish a Honghuzi from a merchant.Swearing an oath of allegiance to each other, members of a gang became 'brothers', unquestioningly obeying their leader.